In art, what does the term "medium" refer to?

In art, the term "medium" specifically refers to the materials and substances that an artist uses to create a work. This can include traditional materials like paint, pencil, and clay, as well as more contemporary options such as digital tools and mixed media. Understanding the medium is essential because it significantly influences the final appearance and texture of the artwork, as well as the techniques employed by the artist.

For example, oil paint allows for blending and layering that can create depth, while watercolor lends itself to transparency and wash techniques. Each medium has its own properties and characteristics that can alter how a concept is expressed visually.