What is the effect of tonal contrasts used in chiaroscuro?

Chiaroscuro is a technique that utilizes strong contrasts between light and dark to create a sense of volume and three-dimensionality in a two-dimensional work of art. The interplay of light and shadow helps to visually model subjects, enhancing their form and making them appear more realistic. By effectively using tonal contrasts, the artist can suggest the contours and surfaces of objects, which gives the viewer a clearer sense of depth and space within the composition.

While other options may have their roles in art, they do not specifically address the primary purpose of chiaroscuro. For instance, vibrant color contrasts focus on color rather than light and shadow dynamics, simplification of subject matter does not necessarily relate to tonal contrasts, and defining outlines clearly is more about line work than the tonal gradations that characterize chiaroscuro.